The Role of Chemistry in History

Introduction| Irish Luck|A Brief History of Penicillin|

Penicillin and Bacteria| Penicillin Affects History: Thanks to Penicillin, He will Come Home!!|

History Affects Penicillin:|References|

Florey, H.W. Chain, E. (1949). Antibiotics: A Survey of Penicillin, Streptomycin, And Other Antimicrobial Substances From Fungi, Actinomycetes, Bacteria, and Plants. London: Oxford University Press.

Friedman, Mayer. (1998). Medicine’s 10 Greatest Discoveries. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Hare, R. (1970). The Birth of Penicillin and Disarming of Microbes.London: George Allen and Unwin.

Klein, J.O. (1994). Otitis externa, otitis media, mastoiditis. In G.L. Mandell, J.E. Bennett, and R. Dolin 9eds). Mandell, Douglas and Bennett’s Principles and Practices of Infectious Diseases. New York: Churchill Livengstone.

Le Couteur P. & Burreson J. (2003). Napoleon’s Buttons. 17 Molecules that Changed History. New York: Penguin.

McGowan, J.E.J. (1983). Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospital Organisms and its Relation to Antibiotic Use. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 5 (6): 1033-1048.

Schlessinger, D. (1993). Biological Basis for Antibacterial action. Mechanisms of Microbial Disease, 230, 77, 95.

Tyndall, J. (1876). The Optical Deportment of the Atmosphere in Relation to the Phenomena of Putrefaction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 166, 20-55.

U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment. (1995). Impacts of Antibiotic- Resistant Bacteria. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Wilson, D. (1976). In Search of Penicillin. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.