Introduction | History | Chemical Structure | How it Works | Side Effects | How it Changed History | Terms | References

References

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HOME | INTRO OF WATER
PROPERTIES OF H2O| ORIGINS OF LIFE
HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION

• Tetrahedral electron-pair geometry gives it its polar, bent molecular geometry
• Oxygen atom partially negative and both of the hydrogen atoms partially positive
• Water molecules bond to each other through hydrogen bonding
• Water in its liquid state constantly forms and breaks hydrogen bonds which gives water its fluid nature

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Morphine: An Introduction | Discovery and Synthesis of Morphine | Addiction and Opiate Receptors | | History Affects Morphine: The Hypodermic Needle | History Affects Morphine II: Cultural Antipathy and Anti-Narcotics Law| References

References

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Blakemore, P., & White, J. (2002). Morphine, the Proteus of Organic Molecules. Chemical Communications, 1159-1168.

Booth, M. (1999). Opium: A History. New York, New York: St. Martin’s Griffin.

Brownstein, M. (1993). A Brief History of Opiates, Opiod Peptides, and Opiod Receptors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 90(12), 5391-5393.

Courtwright, D. (1982). Dark Paradise: A History of Opiate Addiction in America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Freemantle, M. (2005, June 5). Top Pharmaceuticals: Morphine. Retrieved Apr. 28, 2008, from http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/83/8325/8325morphine.html

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Hamilton, G., & Baskett, T. (2000). History of Anesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia, 47(4), 367-374.

Herbert, R., Venter, H., & Pos, S. (2000). Do Mammals Make Their Own Morphine?. Natural Product Reports, 17, 317-322.

Hodgson, B. (2001). In the Arms of Morpheus: The Tragic History of Morphine, Laudanum and Patent Medicines. Toronto: Firefly Books.

Karch, S. (2005). A Brief History of Cocaine, Second Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC.

Le Couteur, P., & Burreson, J. (2003). Napoleon’s Buttons. New York: Tarcher/Penguin.

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Schiff Jr. , P. (2002). Opium and Its Alkaloids. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 66, 186-194.

Schwarz, S., & Huxtable, R. (2001). The Isolation of Morphine. Molecular interventions, 1(4), 189-191.

Shughart, W. (1997). Taxing Choice: The Predatory Politics of Fiscal Discrimination. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

Stimmel, B., & Shaffer, H. (1984). The Addictive Behavior. New York: Routledge. Waldron, K. (2007). The Chemistry of Everything. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.

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Water is present in life, even in the driest locations.
Over half of this cactus’ composition is water.
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Introduction / DDT molecule / Malaria / World War II

Environmental Problems / Insect Resistance / Begin Using Again?  /  References

References

Considine, G. (2005) Van Nostrand’s Encyclopedia of Chemistry.  New Jersey: Wiley-Interscience, p. 849.

Couteur, P., & Burreson, J. (2003).  Napoleon’s Buttons.  New York: Penguin Group (USA) Inc.

Glausiusz, J. (2007). Can a maligned pesticide save lives?.  Discover, 28(11), 34-36.

Harrison, G. (1978).  Mosquitoes, Malaria and Man.  New York: E.P. Dutton.

Harrison, K. (2008, May).  Chemistry, Structures & 3D Molecules. Retrieved May 07, 2008 from http://www.3dchem.com/molecules.asp?ID=90.

Leary, J., & Fishbein, W., & Salter, L. (1946).  DDT and the Insect Problem.  New York:     McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.

Lubick, N. (2007). DDT’s Resurrection.  Environmental Science and Technology, 41(18),    6323-6325.

Malaria Foundation International (1999-2003).  Is DDT still effective and needed in Malaria Control? Retrieved May 07, 2008 from   http://www.malaria.org/DDTcosts.html.

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Pearce, F. (2007). Set free to kill again.  New Scientist, 196(2624), 58-9.

Roberts, D., Laughlin, L., Hsheih, P., & Legters, L. (1997).  DDT, Global Strategies, and a Malaria Control Crisis in South America.  Emerging Infectious Diseases, 3,      295-302.

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Bergman, C. (1989, July 28). Tobacco’s cloudy image on the silver screen.

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Introduction to Nicotine | A Brief History of Tobacco | Chemical Properties | Addiction | Toxicity | Tobacco and America | Tobacco and the Cinema | References

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Back to Intro Chemistry of Testosterone Historical Significance

Discovery and Synthesis

The Future of Testosterone

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Introduction, Chemistry, How It Works, Physiological Effects, Health Risk, Crack Epidemic, Crack on Black Crime, Crack Killed the 80s and 90s, History, Crack in America, References

Ashley, Richard (1976). Cocaine: Its History, Uses and Effects. New York, NY: Warner

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Publishers.

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Crack Cocaine and The Rise of Urban Crime Rates. The Review of Economics

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Behaviors. Vol. 24, No. 3, 249- 269

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Watkins, B., Fullilove, R., & Fullilove, M. Arms against Illness: Crack Cocaine and Drug Policy in the United States. Health and Human Rights, Vol. 2, No. 4, Retrieved May 5, 2008, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/4065186.pdf.

http://www.3dchem.com/moremolecules.asp?ID=279&othername=Crack

http://cocaine.org/cokestrut.htm

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14561847

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Introduction, Chemistry, How It Works, Physiological Effects, Health Risk, Crack Epidemic, Crack on Black Crime, Crack Killed the 80s and 90s, History, Crack in America, References

Crack cocaine has significantly shaped history, and especially the 1980’s and 1990’s.

A study found in The Review of Economics and Statistics, the authors found that by using information provided by 27 different metropolitan areas, that the arrival of crack cocaine led to substantial crime increases in late 1980s and early 1990s.

The number of reported offenses for recorded criminal categories which are murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny theft and auto theft. For each of the seven categories of criminal offenses significant increases were shown to have occurred after the arrival of crack cocaine to those areas.

As you can see from looking at the percentage of change, the rise in crime proved to be overwhelming in these urban areas, “from 1987 through12989, the firearm homicide rate amongst black males age 15 to 19 years of age increased 71 percent to 85.3 deaths per 100,000 populations,” (Fingerhut, 1992) at the same time when teenage fire-arm death were mostly concentrated in metropolitan areas. Many scholars argue that the alarming number of homicides was triggered through crack related violence. “Teenaged dealers started carrying guns to school but no such alliance[s] w[ere] initiated to control the crack epidemic that precipitated the violence”. (Watkins et al, 1998)

Crack proved to be “an unparallel destructive force, undermining safety, stability and health in inner cities.”(Watkins et al. 43) In 1988, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention cited Crack use, coupled with the practice of bartering sexual services in exchange for the drug, as a factor in the increase of STD’s (Goldsmith, 1988)

The discovery of crack cocaine is directly responsible for the deterioration of inner cities during the 1980s and 1990s. A studies show, at the same in time in which crack cocaine became noticed in different American cities, devastating proportions of crime, HIV/AIDS, and minority incarcerations followed. In the years following the fall of communism, the ending if the Vietnam war, and domestically, the civil rights movements, and increasing upward mobility amongst minorities, crack cocaine stood as an unmovable road block in the betterment of American people. As cocaine was actively used drug in the United States for over a century before crack was introduced, the less expensive and overly available smoke able form took the inner city by storm.

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Introduction, Chemistry, How It Works, Physiological Effects, Health Risk, Crack Epidemic, Crack on Black Crime, Crack Killed the 80s and 90s, History, Crack in America, References

Most associations with the Crack cocaine insustry are inner city African Americans youth. This association has proven to be detrimenmtal to the development of African Americans in this country. With limited education, low paying wages, as seen in the diagram many African Americans in inner cities ar confronted with crack use and distribution much more frequent than other races.

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